Always a trick question, and the short answer in my opinion is no. But, you can do a whole lot in a day! EVERYTHING is always different family to family. Sea World is doing a great job adding rides and that makes it all the more difficult to do in one day. To see all of the shows/exhibits and ride all of the rides is too much.
I know, there will be someone who comes along and says "we did it" and they are probably mostly correct.
Quite frankly, Sea World has the best roller coasters in Orlando. Although it definitely takes time out of the day, Dining with Shamu is just awesome, and the food is pretty good on that buffet.
We love the penguins, I could probably take an hour alone to watch them, they are hysterical! But, it gets cold! We also love the pet show, very well done! And, of course, the dolphins and orcas are breathtaking!
So, to back to your question, it just really depends. Will you just walk through Shark Encounter and go, "oh cool!" or will you stop and really take in the experience. Even just 15 minutes at each exhibit/aquarium adds up over the day. You can ride the penguin ride, get off look at the penguins for a minute or two and head off to the next experience. In a sense, it is similar to going to your local zoo or art museum - it may be a 90 minute experience or a 5 hour experience. Very similar when viewing the beluga whales - its a quick stop or a mesmerizing experience.
I will say this, compared to the area competition, Quick Queue is very reasonably priced as well as Signature Seating. It might be valuable to have these when you go. There are many threads on the value of all day dining, we as a family find it valuable when we are not doing Dine with Shamu, but we have learned how to use it over multiple visits.
